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Class VIII – Biological Science

chapter & Topics in the syllabus 

• What is Science? 
• Science - The individual perspective

• Science - The Societal perspective

• Science and Change
• How do scientists work? - Scientific Method

• Using Science process skills
• Reading to learn - Writing to Communicate

• Safety in Science

2. Cell - The Basic Unit of Life

• Discovery of the cell
• Observing a match stick
• Observing an onion peel
• Observing human cheek cells
• Observation of the nucleus in onion peel cells

• Observation of the nucleus in cheek cells

• Diversity in cells
• Observing cells in a leaf

3. The World of Microorganisms

Part I

• Microscope invention- discovery of microorganisms
• Microorganisms
• Groups of microorganisms
• Microorganisms in water
• Observing Fungi
• Observing Bacteria
• Observing Algae
• Observing Protozoa
• Observing

Microarthropods

• Observing soil microorganisms

The World of Microorganisms

Part II

• Microorganisms - Our friends or foes?

• Useful Microorganisms
• Commercial use of microorganisms

• Medicinal use of Microorganisms

• Vaccine
• Discovery of Smallpox vaccine

• Soil Microorganisms - Soil fertility

• Nitrogen Fixation
• Harmful microorganisms
• Diseases causing microorganisms in human beings

• The Diseases caused by microorganisms in animals

• Disease causing microorganisms in plants

• Food Poisoning
• Food Preservation
• Food Preservation - Heat and cold

• method
• Pasteurization
• Storage and packing

4. Reproduction in Animals

• Viviparous and Oviparous Animals

• Modes of Reproduction in animals

• Asexual reproduction
• Observation of Budding in Hydra

• Observation of Binary fission in Amoeba

• Sexual Reproduction
• Male reproductive system
• Female reproductive system
• Internal fertilization
• Development of the embryo
• Observation of resemblance in parents & children

• External fertilization
• Life cycle of frog

5. The Age of Adolescence

• Have you reached the age of “Adolescence”?

• Changes at adolescence
• Increase in height
• Observing growth rate
• Changes in your body
• Voice change
• Adam's apple in an adolescent boy

• Sweat and pimples
• Development of body
• Reproductive phase of life in humans

• Menstruation and myths
• Child marriage – A social evil
• Adolescence : Changes in behaviour

• Effects of Hormones in Adolescence

• Adolescence and health
• Balanced diet
• Cleanliness
• Physical exercise

6. Biodiversity and its Conservation

• What is Biodiversity?
• Finding variations
• Variations in plants
• Variations in animals
• Biodiversity: a case study
• Endangered species
• Endemic species
• Origin of biodiversity and balance in nature

• Importance of biodiversity and its conservation

• Efforts towards conservation
• National park and a sanctuary

7. Different Ecosystems

• What is ecosystem?
• Structure of the ecosystem
• Interdependence among the biotic components
• Changes in the ecosystem
• Types of ecosystem
• Mangrove ecosystem
• Biotic components
• The desert ecosystem
• Forest ecosystem
• Energy flow in an ecosystem

8. Production of Food from Plants

• Crops in India
• Duration of crop
• When are crops grown?
• Production of paddy
• Growing paddy and agricultural practices

• Agricultural tasks sowing to storing

• Preparing the soil
• Sowing the seeds
• Do you know how to select or separate good seeds?

• Selection of seeds
• Germination and selection
• Seed crisis
• Types of seeding
• Different types of sowing the seeds

• Sowing methods
• Seed drill
• Removing seedlings from the nursery plot

• Applying manure and pesticides

• Crops and diseases
• Identification of pests
• Controlling pests
• Pest controlling practices
• How do farmers get high yield?

• Why do we supply manure?
• Natural manure (Bio fertilizers)

• Which manure is better?
• What would happen if over dosage of manure is added to soil?

• Irrigation - Furrow irrigation, Basin irrigation

• When should farmers irrigate the field?

• Modern methods of irrigation
• Drip irrigation
• Weeding
• Harvesting
• Storage of grains

9. Production of Food from Animals

• Animal husbandry
• Cattle rearing
• Milk production -Selection procedure

• Practices in livestock keeping
• Poultry
• Apiculture
• Sources of nectar
• Fisheries
• Marine fisheries
• Inland fisheries

10. Not for Breathing Not for Drinking

• What is environmental pollution?

• What is air pollution?
• Oil paper experiment
• Air pollutants
• Natural activities
• Human activities
• What are the effects of air pollution?

• Various harmful effects of pollutants

• What can we do to reduce air pollution?

• Water pollution
• What do we mean by water pollution?

• Sad story of river Moosi
• Where is all of this pollution coming from?

• Prevention and controlling of water pollution

11.Why do we fall ill? · The significance of ‘Health’

• Personal and community issues, both matter for health

• Distinctions between

‘Healthy’ and ‘Disease free’

• Disease and its causes
• Acute and chronic diseases
• Acute chronic diseases and poor health

• Causes of diseases
• Infectious and non-infectious causes

• Infectious diseases – Infectious agents

• Means of spread
• Organ specific and tissue specific manifestations

• Principles of treatment
• Principles of prevention