Description
- Reflection of light at curved surface
1.1 Normal to the curved surface
1.2 Spherical mirrors, convex, concave mirrors
1.3 Pole, Focus, Centre of curvature, principle axis, Radius of curvature, Focal length
1.4 Images formed by spherical mirrors
1.5 Ray diagrams for spherical mirrors
1.5.1 Rules for Ray diagrams by sing laws of reflection
1.6 Formula for spherical mirrors – sign convention
1.6.1 Magnification
1.7 Application of reflection - Solar Cooker
- Chemical Equations and Reactions
2.1 Some daily life examples of chemical reactions.
2.2 Chemical equations – writing chemical equations, skeletal
chemical equations, balancing chemical equations
2.3 Writing symbols of physical states, Heat changes, gas evolved and precipitate formed
2.4 Interpreting a balanced chemical equation
2.4.1 Calculations based on mass, volume, number of molecules and moles
- Acids, Bases and Salts
3.1 Chemical properties of acids & bases
3.1.1 Acids & Bases in laboratory – Indicators
3.1.2 Reaction of Acids & Bases with Metals
3.1.3 Reaction of Acids & Bases with Metal Carbonates
and Metal hydrogen carbonates
3.1.4 Reaction of Acids & Bases with each other (Neutralization)
3.1.5 Reaction of Acids with Metallic oxides
3.1.6 Reaction of Bases with Non-Metallic oxides
3.2 What do acids have in common? What do bases have incommon?
3.3 Do Acids produce Ions only in Aqueous Solution ?
3.4 Reaction of Acid, Base with water
3.5 Strength of Acid or Base - pH scale
3.6 Importance of pH in everyday life
3.6.1 Sensitivity of plants and animals to pH
3.6.2 pH of soils, pH in digestive system, pH tooth decay
3.6.3 Self defense by animals and plants through chemical warfare
3.7 Salts
3.7.1 Family of salts
3.7.2 pH of salts
3.8 Chemicals from common salt
3.8.1 Common salt – a raw material for other chemicals
3.8.2 Preparation of Sodium Hydroxide, Bleaching powder,
Baking soda, Washing soda and uses
3.8.3 Removing of water of crystallization
3.8.4 Plaster of Paris
- Refraction of light at curved surface
4.1 Refraction of light at curved surface
4.1.1 Image formation - Derivation of curved surface formula
4.2 Lenses
4.2.1 Focal length of the lens
4.3 Rules for Ray diagram
4.4 Images formed by the lenses
4.5 Formula derived for thin lenses
4.6 Focal length of lens depends on surrounding medium
4.7 Lens maker formula
- Human eye and colourful world
5.1 Least distance of distinct vision, Angle of vision
5.2 Structure of human Eye - Focal length of human Eye lens, accommodation
5.3 Common accommodation defects of vision -
Myopia, Hypermetropia, presbyopia
5.3.1 Power of lens
5.4 Prism
5.4.1 Refractive Index of Prism
5.4.2 Derivation of formula for Refractive Index of Prism
5.5 Dispersion
5.5.1 Rainbow
5.6 Scattering of light
- Structure of atom
6.1 Spectrum
6.1.1 Wave nature of light
6.2 Electromagnetic Spectrum
6.2.1 Planck’s theory
6.3 Bohr’s model of Hydrogen atom and its limitations
6.3.1 Bohr - Sommerfeld model of an Atom
6.4 Quantum mechanical model of an Atom
6.4.1 Quantum numbers
6.4.2 Main shells, Sub-shells and orbitals in different subshells
6.4.3 Shapes of s, p & d orbitals
6.5 Electronic Configuration of elements in their atoms
6.6 nlx rule, Energies of electronic energy levels (n+l) rule ; Aufbau
Principal, Paulis principal, Hund’s Rule of maximum multiplicity,
Stable configurations.
- Classification of Elements - The Periodic Table
7.1 Need for arrangement of elements in an organized manner
7.1.1 Historical background of classification of elements
7.2 Doberieners Triads - Limitations
7.3 Newland’s law of Octaves
7.4 Mendeleev’s Periodic Table (Periodic law, Achievements & Limitations)
7.5 Modern Periodic Table.
7.5.1 Position of Elements in Modern Periodic Table
O Groups
O Periods
O Metals and Non-metals
7.5.2 Trends in Modern Periodic Table (Valency, Atomic size, Ionization Energy, Electron Affinity, Electronegativity, Metallic & Non-metallic properties)
- Chemical Bonding
8.1 Chemical bond definition (brief explanation)
8.1.1 Lewis Symbols (or) Lewis Dot Structures
8.2 Electronic theory of Valence by Lewis and Kossel
8.2.1 Octet Rule
8.3 Ionic and Covalent bonds: examples with Lewis Dot formulae
8.3.1 The arrangement of Ions in Ionic compounds
8.3.2 Factors affecting the formation of cation and anion
8.4 Shapes, bond lengths and bond energies in molecules
8.5 Valence shell electron pair repulsion theory
8.6 Valence bond theory – examples like H2, Cl2, H2O, BF3,CH4, NH3, C2H6, C2H4, C2H2 etc
8.7 Hybridisation and explanation of H2O, BF3, CH4, NH3 etc.,molecules
8.8 Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds
- Electric Current
9.1 Electric current
9.1.1 I =Qt
9.1.2 I = nqAVd
9.2 Potential difference
9.3 How a battery or a cell works
9.3.1 EMF
9.4 Ohms law and its limitations, resistance, specific resistance,
factors influencing resistance, electric shock
9.5 Electric Circuits
9.5.1 Series and parallel connection of resistances
9.5.2 Kirchoff’s Laws
9.6 Electric power
9.7 Safety fuses
Electromagnetism
10.1 Oersted Experiment
10.2 Magnetic field – field lines
10.2.1 Magnetic Flux - Magnetic Flux density
10.3 Magnetic field due to currents
10.3.1 Due to current carrying straight wire
10.3.2 Due to circular loop
10.3.3 Solenoid
10.4 Magnetic force on moving charge and current carrying wire
10.4.1 Right hand rule
10.5 Electric motor
10.6 Electromagnetic induction – Faraday’s law (including magnetic flux) – Lenz law
10.6.1 Derivation of Faraday’s law
10.6.2 Applications of Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction
10.7 Generators and Alternating – Direct Currents
- Principles of Metallurgy
11.1 Occurrence of Metals in nature
11.2 Extractions of metals from the Ores – activity series and related
metallurgy, flow chart of steps involved in the extraction of metals from ore.
11.2.1 Enrichment of ores (Concentration or Dressing)
11.2.2 Extraction of Crude metal from the ore
O Extracting metals low in the activity series
O Extracting metal in the middle of the activity series
O Extracting metal in the top of the activity series
11.2.3 Refining metals (purification of the crude metal)
O Electrolytic refining
O Distillation
O Poling
O Liquidation
11.3 Corrosion – Prevention of Corrosion
11.4 Important Processes used in metallurgy
11.4.1 Smelting
11.4.2 Rosting
11.4.3 Calcination
11.5 Flux
11.6 Furnace
- Carbon and its compounds
12.1 Introduction of Carbon compounds
12.2 Promotion of an Electron – Bonding in Carbon including Hybridization
12.3 Allotropes of Carbon
O Amorphous Forms
O Crystalline Forms (Diamond, Graphite, C60 and Nanotubes)
12.4 Versatile nature of carbon
12.4.1 Catenation and tetravalency
12.5 Hydrocarbons
12.5.1 Open and Closed Chain Hydrocarbons
12.5.2 Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
12.6 Bonding of carbon with other elements
12.6.1 Functional groups in carbon compounds
12.7 Isomerism
12.8 Homologous series (Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes)
12.9 Nomenclature of Carbon compounds
12.10 Chemical properties of carbon compounds
12.10.1Combustion reactions
12.10.2 Oxidation Reaction (Alcohol to Acids)
12.10.3Addition reactions
12.10.4Substitution reactions
12.11 Important carbon compounds
12.11.1 Ethanol
12.11.2 Properties of Ethanol – General properties, reaction of
ethanol with sodium, reaction with hot concentrated sulphuric acid.
12.11.3 Ethanoic acid
12.11.4 Properties of Ethanoic acid – General properties,
Reaction with a base, sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate and sodium hydrogen carbonate
12.12 Esterification reactions
12.13 Soaps – Saponification, Micelles
12.13.1 Cleansing action of Soap
